What model represents the Earth as a spheroid and includes a reference ellipsoid and survey points?

The correct choice is the geodetic datum. A geodetic datum serves as a reference point for measuring locations on the Earth's surface. This model represents the Earth as a spheroid and includes not only the reference ellipsoid, which approximates the shape of the Earth but also integrates survey points that help establish the geodetic framework necessary for accurate positioning and mapping.

By incorporating various survey points, a geodetic datum allows for the correction of distortions that occur due to the Earth's uneven shape, as well as variations in local gravity. This framework facilitates the conversion of latitude and longitude coordinates to real-world positions, making it essential for creating accurate maps and performing geographic measurements.

The other options, while related to geographic data, have more specific or limited roles compared to a geodetic datum. For instance, a vertical datum pertains specifically to measuring elevations or depths in relation to a defined surface, while a horizontal datum focuses on defining horizontal positions and including the framework for geographic coordinate systems. The International Terrestrial Reference System is a global standard for defining a datum but is specific to geolocation and satellite systems. Thus, each of these options serves a crucial purpose in geospatial science, but the geodetic datum encompasses the broader concept of representing the