What type of tools are designed to manage and analyze geographic information?

GIS software is specifically designed to manage, analyze, and visualize geographic information. This type of software includes functionalities that allow users to manipulate spatial data, perform spatial analysis, and create maps that represent geographical phenomena. GIS software facilitates tasks such as data layering, geocoding, spatial querying, and the integration of various data sources, making it an indispensable tool for professionals in fields such as urban planning, environmental science, transportation, and disaster management.

The other options focus on distinct aspects unrelated to the core functionality of geographic information management. Application security pertains to safeguarding applications and is related to cybersecurity rather than geographic data handling. Application development methods refer to the processes involved in creating software applications but do not specifically address the needs of geographic data. Knowledge categories may refer to the organization of information within a discipline but lack the direct tools and capabilities for managing and analyzing geographic information that GIS software provides.