Which field studies the Earth's geometric shape, gravity field, and orientation in space?

The study of the Earth's geometric shape, gravity field, and orientation in space falls under geodesy. This branch of science focuses precisely on understanding the Earth's size, shape, gravitational field variations, and how these factors affect positioning and measurements. Geodesy encompasses various applications, including surveying, navigation, and understanding sea level rise, which requires accurate knowledge of the Earth’s physical attributes.

In contrast, geophysics generally deals with the physical properties of the Earth and its environment, such as seismic activity and magnetic fields, rather than specifically addressing the geometrical aspects of the Earth. Geospatial analysis involves interpreting spatial data to solve problems, while cartography is primarily concerned with the art and science of map-making. These fields are related but do not focus on the precise measurements and calculations that geodesy specializes in.