Which of the following refers to the combined framework of technology and techniques for managing geographical information?

The combined framework of technology and techniques for managing geographical information is known as geomatics. This term encompasses a wide range of disciplines including geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing, surveying, and cartography, all of which work together to gather, store, analyze, and visualize geographical data.

Geomatics represents an integrated approach to understanding and managing geographical information, highlighting the importance of both the tools (technology) and the methodologies (techniques) involved in handling spatial data. This integration allows for more efficient analysis and decision-making processes related to location-based information.

In contrast, geodesy focuses specifically on the measurement and representation of the Earth’s shape, orientation in space, and gravity field, making it a subset of the broader field of geomatics. Cartography, while essential, is the art and science of map-making and does not encompass the full range of practices involved in managing geographical data. Topology involves the mathematical study of shapes and spatial relationships but is not specifically a framework for managing geographical information as a whole.